C H A P T E R O U T L I N E

       ·         Introduction
       ·         Yearly Planning
       ·         Unit Planning
       ·         Lesson Planning
       ·         Summary

Introduction:

Organized planning always plays a quite role in the execution of any task in our life. It not only caters to proper realization of the aims or purposes of doing that task but also helps in proper utilization of the time and energy on the part of human and material resources. It is equally true for the process of teaching-learning. The teachers who plan their work properly prove quite efficient and effective in their teaching. A subject teacher should always pay due consideration to the wise planning for his teaching and instructional work during the session. He may have three types of schemes for such planning:

              1.    Year planning
        2.    Unit planning
        3.    Daily lesson planning

What is Yearly Planning?

In yearly planning, in the teaching of a subject, the teacher tries to take complete view of what he has to do in the whole session regarding the instructional work of his subject. In this way, in the yearly plan, we mean the sessional programme that has to be chalked out by the teacher in his subject of teaching in the shape of teaching-learning activities to be carried out.

What is Unit Planning?

In this simple meaning, unit planning stands for the planning of the instructional stands for the planning of the instructional work of the session by du\dividing the prescribed syllabus into some well-defined and meaningful units. For more clarity, let us first define the term out. Unit has been variously defined as the following.

Carte V. Good (1959:44) Unit may describe as an organization of various activities experiences and types of learning around the central problem or purpose developed comparatively by a group of pupils under teacher-leadership.

H.C. Morrison (1961:25) A unit consist of a comprehensive series of related and meaningful activities so developed as to achieve pupil’s purposes, provide significant educational experiences and result in appropriate behavioral changes.

I.J. Quillen and Lavone Hanna (1961:109) A unit refers to materials organizes around a common principle, process, culture, or an area of living, and directed through the achievement of significant 
outcomes, thus giving unity to learning experiences.

L E S S O N P L A N N I N G

What is Daily Lesson Planning?

            The daily lesson planning as the name suggests is the planning made for the instructional work carried out by the teacher on a day-to-day basis. However, the term is not much in use. It has been replaced by the term lesson planning for conveying the same meaning. Let us now understand its meaning and purpose more clearly.

            Classroom teaching falls on the top in the lists of the duties performed by a teacher. He has to teach daily one or more subject to one or more classes in his school. While trying to perform his duties, he has to pass through the following phases.

 

             1.    Pro-active phase of the teaching
             2.     Interactive phase of the teaching
             3.    Post-active phase of the teaching

           The theoretical activities performed at the cognitive level by the teacher before the actual classroom teaching is related with the pre-active phase of teaching.

Principles:

           As pointed out above, lesson planning occupies a very important place in preparing the teacher for the journey which he is going to travel along his students in the classroom. For this purpose, a teacher has to prepare his daily lesson plans very cautiously by taking care of the following important principles:

·         Principle of clarity and definiteness of the objectives

·         Principle of availability of resources and conditions

·         Principle of the knowledge of entry behavior

·         Principle of motivating the students

·         Principle of maintaining interest in the lesson

·         Principle of appropriateness of teaching methods and techniques

·         Principle of mastery over the subject matter and related activities

Approaches to lesson planning

For planning the lesson and writing it, various styles and approaches may be adopted. In general, the following five approaches are more popular:

1. Herbatian Approach

2. Morrison’s or Unit Approach

3. Bloom’s or Evaluation Approach

4. R.C.E.M  Approach

5. Gloverian Approach

HERBATIAN APPROACH

It is a product of Herbatian school of Pedagogy propagated by J.F Herbart (1776-1841) and his followers. The formal steps involve in it are:

·         Preparation

·         Presentation

·         Comparison

·         Association

·         Generalization

·         Application

Morrison’s or Unit Approach

      This approach is associated with the name of the Professor H.C Morisson (1871-1945) of the University of Chicago. It lays greater emphasis on the unit method for the planning of the teaching –learning activities and that is why it is also termed as unit approach. According to it the teaching-learning process must result into the mastery over the subject matter or the contents prescribed for classes. The teacher moves to the second unit only when he thinks that the students acquired mastery over the subject matter of the unit and capable of generalizing and applying the ideas of learn material.

       Steps involved

·         Exploration

·         Presentation

·         Assimilation

·         Organization

·         Recitation

Evaluating the learning outcomes

This step is with regard to the evaluation of the behavioral changes occurred in the students on account of the teaching activities through suitable evaluation techniques.

Lesson Planning: Bloom’s evaluation approach (with a little modification) involves the following systematic steps of the lesson planning:

1.    Content or teaching points

2.    Objectives and their specifications

3.    Teacher’s activities

4.    Students activities

5.    Teaching aids

6.    Evaluation

R.C.E.M.  Approach

      The approach has been developed at Regional College of Education, Mysore (R.C.E.M.) and leave the name R.C.E.M  approach.

Gloverian Approach

      This approach owes its origin and propagations to A.H.T Glover. In his honour, it is usually known by the name Gloverian approach. Glver tried to put a different to lesson planning after disagreeing with the too rigid teacher central five-steps approach it Herbart. He proposed a four- Step learner-centered approach and has the following steps.

·         Questioning 

·         Discussion

·         Investigation

·         Expression or pupil activity

Summary:

            A teacher is needed to plan the activities of his teaching related to the full academic session in order to achieve the desired success in his task. He may have three types of schemes for such planning named as yearly planning. Unit planning and Daily planning. Where yearly planning is meant for the planning of the activities related to a teaching subject on the part of a teacher for the entire session, the unit planning and daily lesson planning are respectively limited to the planning of such activities merely for the teaching of a particular unit or lesson. While having unit planning a teacher first tries the prescribed syllabus of his subject into some well-defined and meaningful units. The task of daily lesson planning may prove helpful to a subject teacher in varieties of ways like helping in. We may classify the lesson planned or taught into three distinct categories namely knowledge lessons, skills lessons and appreciations lesson. As a result these lessons may help the students in the acquisitions of knowledge and understanding about the facts, principles and processes related to the content of a particular subject.